Japanese Dining Etiquette Essay Example for Free

Japanese Dining Etiquette Essay Recollecting your right habits is significant in Japan, particularly concerning the zone of feasting behaviors. This applies particularly to outsiders, who should attempt to recall in any event the most fundamental rules†¦ In Japanese dinners, it is standard to state ‘itadakimasu’ (‘I appreciatively receive’) before your feast, and ‘gochisama deshita’ (‘thank you for the meal’) after you have wrapped up. These conventional expressions are to show your thankfulness for the dinner, particularly when somebody cooks for you. The most ideal approach to begin your supper is with a taste of soup. At that point you ought to eat a tad of each dish, in a ‘rotation’, until you finish all the dishes at about a similar time. Try not to finish one dish of food before moving onto the following. Recollect that in the event that you are eating from collective dishes, it is viewed as a significant behavior to get the food utilizing the furthest edge of your chopsticks, or serving chopsticks if any are given. Try not to begin drinking until everybody at the table is served, and don't pour any beverages for yourself. This should just be finished by others, and normally, it is likewise your obligation to intermittently check your friends’ cups and top them off on the off chance that they are unfilled, as well. NEVER stick chopsticks into rice standing up, as this is the manner by which rice is offered to the dead. On the off chance that you haven’t effectively heard, it is completely satisfactory to gulp your noodles in Japan, as individuals state it tastes better, and it likewise shows you are making the most of your dinner. Recollect that it is viewed as inconsiderate to burp, clean out your nose at the table, and discussion about unappetizing themes. Finally, make sure to complete each and every grain of rice in your bowl or plate, as rice is viewed as extremely valuable. Likewise this shows the culinary expert you value his/her food without question. It is likewise viewed as neighborly to restore all plates and dishes back to their unique positions, and to put chopsticks back in their paper slips or holders. Book reference http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2005.html http://www.suite101.com/content/eating-japanese-dos-and-donts-a31496 http://www.japanesefood101.com/index.php/class/feasting decorum/.

Argument Supporting Gay Marriage Essay -- Same-Sex Marriage Essays

Individuals are brought into the world gay. In the event that you are gay you can't get hitched. That thought is ludicrous. On June 26, 2015, the US Supreme Court decided that the US Constitution ensures the appropriate for same-sex couples to wed. Marriage is characterized as a consecrated power of profound devotion between two individuals. Gay individuals additionally feel love in this manner, they ought to be permitted indistinguishable rights from every other person in this nation. Homosexuality is an acknowledged way of life these days with a demonstrated natural causation. The main thing that should matter in marriage is love and denying them this is an infringement of strict opportunity. As per examines done by Simon LeVey, being gay is an organic reason, not a decision made when one is youthful. It is additionally an acknowledged way of life today. For a really long time being gay has been viewed as a type of â€Å"devilish acts†. The individuals making these allegations should check the history books, and the mental research done by LeVey. As indicated by Wikipedia.com gay initiates have existed since early Greece. The word lesbian originates from the Greek word â€Å"Lesbos,† which were islands where numerous couples of that direction lived. The most straightforward approach to consider it is as a hormonal switch that gets tossed one way or the other. Things being what they are, it bodes well. Consider numerous gays and lesbians you've seen. Not generally, yet as a rule, a few attributes take after that of the other gender. That implies that, for instance gay guys have gentler voices, and most lesbians have a manly body shape. Those hormone switches influence everything. What's more, still once more, for what reason would somebody decide to be gay? Despite the fact that gay individuals are unique and their hormones are extraordinary, they despite everything have indistinguishable feelings from everybody... ... just one was harmed, the other probably won't be permitted to see the other on the grounds that he/she is certifiably not an immediate relative or life partner. It’s difficult to tell that affection is being tossed out by such huge numbers of states and nations, they are eager to hurt others to make sure they can say that the establishment of marriage is spared. Gay individuals are typical, simply one more minority. Like some other dark person strolling down the road. Is it accurate to say that you are going to disclose to him he can’t get hitched in light of the fact that he’s dark? No, on the grounds that he can’t help that he’s dark, exactly how gay individuals can’t help that they are gay. They love similarly as we do and we are in no spot to keep them down of communicating it to their fullest. They need to get hitched, at that point let them. Despite the fact that it isn’t a man and a lady, it’s still two individuals who need to share all they delights of the world together. Love is an inclination, not a sexual orientation.

Anxiety How Much Is Too Much

Anxiety How Much Is Too Much Anxiety is a physical and mental state thats totally natural for everyone to experience at different points in time. After all, its a state with an adaptive and protective purpose. Sometimes, however, worry can take on a life of its own. If anxiety is starting to hurt you rather than help you, if it’s difficult to control or making it nearly impossible to cope, it’s time to step back and evaluate the extent of the problem. Symptoms That Indicate Anxiety May Be a Problem The point at which worry and anxiety become an issue is somewhat subjective, though there are several different markers of severity and intensity that you might use to evaluate how reasonable or unreasonable your level of anxiety is. This might be hard to judge from inside the experience, but to start, trying stepping back and asking yourself questions such as: Is my anxiety hurting my relationships?Is it hurting my performance in school or at work?Am I frequently distracted by thoughts of what will go wrong in certain situations?Do I avoid activities that I might actually enjoy because of a looming feeling of dread?Do I constantly feel on edge or amped up,  even in the absence of a clear source of worry?Am I frequently blowing things out of proportion, even though it doesnt feel like I am ?at the moment? If the answers to any of these questions give you pause, or if youre finding them tough to answer, consider asking someone you trust about their perception of your anxiety and how it impacts your life. What to Do When Anxiety Is a Problem If you think your worry has gotten out of hand, an expert opinion can help to further clarify this. Meeting with a clinicianâ€"a counselor, social worker, psychologist, or psychiatristâ€"can help you to determine if your anxiety issue can be classified as a disorder, and which one. Clinicians will use diagnostic criteria for anxiety disorders to determine whether or not your anxiety is excessive. This typically involves ?an assessment of how persistent your anxiety is, what types of symptoms you experience, how long they last, and how intrusive they are on your ability to get through life on a day-to-day basis.?? Generalized Anxiety Disorder Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Diagnosing an Anxiety Disorder Diagnosis of an anxiety disorder can be tricky. Many symptoms of various anxiety disorders overlap with one another, and it might take some time to tease out the primary problem. While some might have specific phobias others may have generalized anxiety disorder, otherwise known as GAD. Also, some people struggle with more than one type of anxiety disorder. Others can exhibit a number of significant symptoms, but not quite enough symptoms to meet the strict criteria for a given diagnosis. If this happens, you might be told that you have a “sub-threshold” anxiety disorder.?? Even if your anxiety is of the low-grade variety or doesnt meet the threshold for a firm diagnosis, that doesnt mean it’s not worth working on. In fact, from a practical perspective, it’s most important to pay attention to how anxiety interferes with your life, no matter how it manifests. A clinician can help you narrow down what’s wrong or identify helpful interventions, even if he or she is unable to determine a specific label for the problem. Next Steps Speaking with a physician or a mental health provider who knows you is the best way to figure out your next step(s).  Depending on the nature and extent of your anxiety, you may find one or a combination of a number of approaches useful. Mild or intermittent anxiety may improve when you use strategies such as these:Self-help resources (e.g., books, smartphone apps, and  online resources) that walk you through a series of exercises related to your anxietyRegular use of  relaxation strategiesIncreased daily activity or implementation of an exercise routineAny of a number of talk therapies For moderate to severe anxiety, cognitive behavioral therapy  (CBT) is the psychotherapy of choice with an encouraging evidence base to support its use.?? There are also medications that can help with persistent anxiety of any degree. How to Find a Mental Health Provider to Help With Anxiety To find a qualified clinician, check out referral resources including Psychology Today, The Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies,  or  The Anxiety and Depression Association. Or, speak with your current physician about seeking a psychiatric evaluation with a  recommended  mental health provider.  For additional resources on mental health, check out the American Psychiatric Association (APA) blog. Find Help With the 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups

Teacher Ethics Essay - 1548 Words

Teacher Ethics â€Å"Ethics are defined as a set of principles of right conducts; the rules or standards governing the conduct of a person or the members of a profession† ( Dictionary of the Human Language, 2000). Teachers are often put in situations that require more than just knowing the basic school rules. It is within these situations, that the ethical dilemmas occur. There is not always a right way to deal with many daily problems that face educators, but there are ways to handle situations that are better then others. Teachers should follow and refer to a code of ethics to help teach in the most appropriate and ethical way; as well as a guide to help deal with dilemmas. It is important that teachers give children a fair chance†¦show more content†¦It is inappropriate for a teacher to discuss a child’s results with fellow colleagues or other students. A child’s grades should be private, and should not be posted. Students might be ashamed of their grades, or some people might take poor grades as a bad reflection upon the students’ character. â€Å"Public pronouncements (of grades) are likely to taint everyone’s opinion of that child’s abilityâ€Å" (Isenberg Jalongo, 2000 ). It is important not to share professional confidential information in any other way but a professional way. There are appropriate and inappropriate times to share a child’s information, â€Å"part of becoming a professional is knowing when to keep quiet and protect confidentiality† (Isenberg Jalongo, 2000). Just as braking confidentiality is inappropriate so is teacher bias and discrimination. It is suppose to be that â€Å"school is the only institution that can counter the accidents of birth, guarantee of opportunity and provide objective and fair ways to select and train talented individuals† (Goodlad, Sirotnik Sober,1990). However, discrimination towards students takes place all the time. Teachers often discriminate against males and females, expecting different things from both. â€Å"Research over the last decade has shown that males and females have different classroom experiencesShow MoreRelatedTeacher Ethics Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesComparison of overlapping statements regarding teacher ethics | Priority of Specific ethical disposition/protocol and rationale. | The professional educator makes a constructive effort to protect the students from conditions detrimental to learning, health, and safety. (AAE 2013)The professional educator should promote positive changes in the school/community that benefit the welfare of others.( COE- GCU 2013) | Priority: 1 I chose this Professional Deposition as number one because children areRead MoreA Code Of Ethics For Teachers1334 Words   |  6 Pages The Need for a Code of Ethics for Teachers and How Positive and Professional Dispositions Must Be Exhibited Prior to and During Student Teaching Aliesha R. Phillips The University of Southern Mississippi Ethics falls under a broad definition that can be defined in many ways: â€Å"The term ethics is defined as the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation; 2a) a set of moral principles; 2b) the principles of conduct governing an individual or a groupRead MoreAfter Reading The Arkansas Code Of Ethics, I Will Now Have1077 Words   |  5 PagesAfter reading the Arkansas Code of Ethics, I will now have an idea of how to model my teaching career in positive way. Because of my Christian raising, I have a sense of strong morals and values. Throughout my life, I have tried to set high standards of morals for myself. Wanting to be a teacher is just one way that I can become a better person; I want to help raise the next generation of people to be good, productive members of society. Being entrusted with the welfare of children is a great responsibilityRead MoreDeclining Student Resilience, By Peter Gray Essay1398 Words   |  6 Pagesexamples of how th ey are different and similar are work ethic, pressures, and technology. These examples come from actual opinions from millennials and other generations on their perspectives when comparing millennials and other generations in a school setting. Work ethic is a big factor in how well you will do in school, and how high your grades will be. Work ethic is about 50/50 with results from the survey. About half of people said work ethic for millennials is higher than what it used to be forRead MoreDeclining Student Resilience : A Serious Problem For Colleges Essay1418 Words   |  6 Pagesexamples on how they are different and similar are work ethic, pressure, and technology. These examples come from actual opinions from millennials and other generations on their perspectives when comparing millennials and other generations in a school setting. Work ethic is a big factor on how well you will do in school, and how high your grades will be. Work ethic is about fifty-fifty with results from the survey. About half of people said work ethic for millennials is higher than what it used to beRead MoreThe Ethics Of Care Framework1244 Words   |  5 Pagesclassroom teachers lacks significantly, especially when the child is in some inclusion classes (Costley, 2013). Therefore, using the Ethics of Care framework, this solution would not allow Mrs. Miller to be responsible, competent or responsive. This article demonstrates specifically the responsiveness deficit in educational systems. Although Ethics of Care is the most appropriate framework to use when assessing this situation, a consequentialist may argue that this could be an acceptable solutionRead MoreThe Kind of Teacher I Want to Be1085 Words   |  4 Pages A key moment that impacted my educational experience as a student was my freshman year in my English Pre-AP class. My teacher at that time was Ms. Wiseman; I would list her as one of my top ten teachers of my educational career. Ms. Wiseman made such an impact on my life because she cared. When you walked into her classroom, you could feel the love. She always had a kind word for each student, she was patient, she always incorporated her humor to keep the lesson plan interesting, and the studentsRead MoreWhat The Therapeutic School Is And How It Came979 Words   |  4 PagesIn The Therapeutic School John Rice talks about what the therapeutic school is and how it came to be. In his article Rive talks about how there are four underlying course assumption s of therapeutic ethic. The first assumption is that â€Å"human nature is intrinsically benevolent, positive, and constructive.† By saying this Rice means that human nature is naturally good and positive. The second assumption that is made is that â€Å"cultural and societal repression of the self is the cause of virtually allRead MoreThe Importance Of Performance And Compensation Plans1687 Words   |  7 PagesMrs. Miller is a dedicated teacher who has been teaching inclusion classes for 25 years and teaches to truly make a difference in the lives of her students. She works with special education students hands on and is not only looked at as an educator but a role model to these students that she has formed such close relationships with. The state of Maryland has decided to adopt a merit pay system in which teachers are paid depending on how well their students perform. A technology system will be usedRead MoreLegal and Ethical Implications in Classroom Management1491 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom what we have seen before. Teachers were in the classroom because they wanted to be and not because they had to in order to make a living. Today’s teacher is frustrated thus classroom management becomes an issue that needs mention under many forms. Behavioral issues ensue and parents lose trust in the educational system. Parents are also at the helm of this problem and our classrooms are faced with ever changing methods of discipline and classroom management. Teachers are given lists of ways to organize

Sir Isaac Newton s Three Laws Of Motion - 1163 Words

Tragedies and accidents are considered to be catastrophic events. With the help of Sir Isaac Newton’s three laws of motion, these events can easily be explained. Sir Isaac Newton’s three laws of motion are rules of nature which provide the means to see how so many aspects of life beautifully connect with one another. The first law consists of objects that are at rest remain at rest and vice versa for objects in motion. The second law relates to behavior of objects in which existing forces are not balanced. The third law consists of action-reaction. Overall, Sir Isaac Newton was one of the most important and influential scientists because of all of his discoveries. â€Å"Newton s first law of motion is often stated as: An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force† (â€Å"Newton’s First Law†). To put it into simpler terms, an object will not change its motion unless an unbalanced force comes in contact. This property in which objects withstand change in motion is known as inertia. Amounts of inertia are measured by mass. Objects, which have a greater mass, need a larger amount of force in order to change their motion. An example of inertia, is hitting a tree as you are traveling in your car at a high speeds. The car will come to an instant stop, but the seat belt and friction between the passenger and the seat will prevent the passenger from being catapulted forward. ManyShow MoreRelatedThe Genius Of Sir Isaac Newton1687 Words   |  7 Pages History has had its fair share of phenomenal scientists, but none can overshadow the genius of Sir Isaac Newton. Isaac Newton was born on January 4, 1643. His father died before he was born and he lived in Colsterworth in Lincolnshire with his grandparents and three siblings. Isaac Newton was know to be quite secluded as a young boy. Young Newton had a knack for model making and art, for example, he made a working model of a windmill at some point in his childhood. He also made other things suchRead MoreSir Isaac Newton was one of the greatest physicist and mathematicians of all time. He was born in1600 Words   |  7 PagesSir Isaac Newton was one of the greatest physicist and mathematicians of all time. He was born in England on December 25, 1642 on Christmas. He died at the age of eighty four on March 20, 1727. Newton was never married and never had any children. Though he did have three siblings from his mother’s second marriage. Some of Newton’s achievements in p hysics and mathematics are; Newton’s law of universal gravitation, Newton’s three laws of motion, calculus, refraction of light, reflecting telescopeRead MoreNewton s Three Laws Of Motion1021 Words   |  5 PagesNewton’s Three Laws of Motion Timmo Wooldridge 11/18/2015 Sir Isaac Newton’s laws of motion are three physical laws that made the foundation for modern mechanics. They describe the relationship between the body and the forces upon it, and it’s response to the motion. Sir Isaac Newton was one of the greatest scientists and mathematicians that ever lived, born in England on December 25, 1643, the same year that Galileo died. He went to Trinity college in Cambridge. While he was in college, Newton hadRead MoreTime And Date Of Birth790 Words   |  4 Pagesborn on January 4, 1643, in Woolsthorpe, England (Isaac Newton.). and (Isaac Newton, reluctant genius.). This was no ordinary being as he would change the world and our perception of the universe forever. Isaac was his name, and he was an English-born physicist and mathematician (Isaac Newton.). Living Conditions He was the only son of a yeoman farmer, who’s name was also Isaac Newton, that sadly died three months before he was born (Isaac Newton.). â€Å"The small baby was very tiny and weak and wasRead MoreThe Contributions of Isaac Newton to The Scientific Revolution1064 Words   |  5 Pagesheavily based on. An influential figure of the Scientific Revolution is Sir Isaac Newton. He made many advancements in the field of science and mathematics, he discovered Gravity, developed the three basic laws of motion, and co-development of Calculus. Isaac Newton did several thing that positively affected the scientific community during the Scientific Revolution and still affect society today, he recognized the three laws of motion, discovered gravity, and co-developed calculus. The scientificRead MoreEssay on The Life of Sir Isaac Newton 1394 Words   |  6 PagesSince the beginning of time, there have been many mathematicians that has influenced and contributed to the math we know today. None compares to the work of Sir Isaac Newton. He was influential as a person, as well as in his work. Sir Isaac Newton was born on December 25, 1642 in Wools Thorpe, Lincolnshire. Shortly after his father’s death, Newton was born premature and was not expected to survive. After his father’s death, his mother got remarried to an ignorant man. His stepfather didn’t seem to likeRead MoreNewton s Laws Of Motion1490 Words   |  6 PagesPhysical Science L1 Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion 22 October 2015 Emma Trull Mr. Moore Physical Science L1 Research Paper: Newton’s Laws of Motion 22 October 2015 Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion Isaac Newton was a physicist and mathematician of the 17th century. Newton developed the principles of modern physics. He created the three laws of motion popular in the world of science and our daily lives (Issac Newton Biography). Newton’s first law states that an object at restRead MoreBritish Politics During The Lifetime Of Newton1069 Words   |  5 Pagesa. What were British politics during the lifetime of Newton? Before Isaac Newton was born, King Charles I was driven out of London by mobs and had to seek refuge in Nottingham, which was just a few miles away from Woolsthorpe, Newton’s soon-to-be hometown (Guillen, 1995, p. 13). While King Charles I was there, he declared war over who/what was going to govern England—Parliament or the royal sovereign (Gullien, 1995, p.13). However, this war was more like a war between â€Å"heaven and earth† becauseRead MoreNewton s Laws Of Motion1027 Words   |  5 PagesBack before Newton, scientist held their own perceptions about motion, gravity ,etc. They didn t really understand the whole concept of motion nor gravity. Before Newton, the world was not as advanced as today. There were no planes, no rockets, no walking on the moon, no cars, and the list can go on. However, it wasn’t until Newton came and cleared the confusion scientist and people had about the universe and motion. Sir Isaac Newton, discovered the three laws of motion. Everyday, human experienceRead MoreThe Endless Contributions of Isaac Newton Essay1442 Words   |  6 PagesSir Isaac Newton once said, â€Å"We build too many walls and not enough bridges.† Aside from his countless contributions to the worlds of math and science, this may be his most important quote because it is what he based his life on—building bridges of knowledge. Throughout his life he was devoted to expanding his and others knowledge past previously known realms. Often regarded of the father of calculus, Newton contributed many notable ideas and functions to the world through his creation of calculus

Simplicity and change as a child Free Essays

I remember finding that first rock. We were digging in the woods behind my house. The entire neighborhood: Alec, Julien, Westley, Blake, Nathaniel, and I. We will write a custom essay sample on Simplicity and change as a child or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was a giant pink quartz, the size of a grapefruit. The creases were packed with dirt. Chipping away at the frostbitten ground in November, we began finding more and more rocks: a small white crystal, a green gem, a slab of mica, coral, and fossils. We now had a fairly large pile of artifacts in the shoebox under my bed. I would go and look through them, thinking I had found the biggest treasure in the world. I remember Nathaniel saying how we’d all be millionaires and the two brothers fighting over what we’d spend in on. Did we want a pool for the neighborhood? A new PlayStation? The possibilities were endless, but we’d be famous anyway, the kids that discovered it all! When we had excavated the last of the rocks, we looked them over to clean out the dirt that had plastered itself into all the cracks and holes. We decided to keep it a secret, a dusty cardboard box hidden under all the other old school work under my mattress. I remember sawing back and forth against the plywood. Our swing was going to be amazing. My arm was sore and salty sweat speckled my lip. Summer sun is the most unforgiving heat, dry and merciless. I remember the metallic jingling in our pockets of the coins we had scrounged from the junk drawer. We bought some red paint and metal hooks from the hardware store downtown. I remember the kind chuckle the cashier gave us, a bunch of kids counting out all our quarters and dimes. I remember the countless tries it took to throw the ropes over the outstretched arm of that pine tree. I remember the refreshing rush of air, and not feeling solid ground on my calloused and dirty bare feet. I remember years later, seeing the swing lifeless and dangling, a paint chipping, rope rotting, rust infected memory. I remember the numbness, watery eyes, and stuffy nose. I remember the way snowflakes looked through the orange light of the street lamp. Let the battle begin. We rushed behind the wall of our castle. Westley, Nathaniel, and I, verse all. Packing the snow together with wet mittens I took an iceball to the lip. I remember the strength it took not to cry. The war began to die down; I remember leaning back and falling into the forgiving snow and watching my breaths turn into soft clouds against the piercing black sky. I remember snowflakes on my eyelashes; we were all going to be friends forever. I remember the day Julien moved away. I remember the day Westely started middle school. I remember the day Alec didn’t want to come play football. I remember the day Nathaniel had too much homework to go outside. I remember the day I realized the unforgiving nature of time, the inevitability of change, and the pricelessness of simplicity. Everyone gets the, â€Å"have fun now, ‘cause it won’t last forever kid!† from a sassy grandparent who you don’t want to believe. Sure, nothing can last forever, but I’ve got plenty of time to be a kid. The memories of simplicity that I hold onto so closely are the things that I appreciate most. They are what construct the skeleton that the layers and complications of my life cling to. Every day I feel how precious it is to have modesty, clarity, and sincerity. I remember simplicity. How to cite Simplicity and change as a child, Papers

Decision Making and Problem Solving Management

Question: Describe about the Report for Decision Making and Problem Solving Management. Answer: Introduction: Any kind of a management upheaval has to be taken into serious consideration, as there is no gain stating the fact that it is something that is symptomatic of a business that has not only lost its way, but is also heading towards his decline. Woolworths, established in the year of1924, is one of the most recognized and trusted organizations of Australia. Since its inception, the organization has swiftly emerged to grow the second largest organization in Australia, in terms of profitability and revenue earning capacity (Bal et al. 2013). However, since the year of 2009, the profitability of the organization has been witnessing a steady decline, that in turn is posing a serious threat to the future sustainability of the organization. In the words of brand consultants like Mumbrella, and market research experts, the organization at present, though has its own strategy, it is unable to discover the way of fighting back to the leading position, it once was holding. Hence, it is highly imp erative to discover, and evaluate the management problem/s underlying the abrupt downfall of the organization (Mishra et al. 2014). Management Problem: An organization in order to be successful is not only required to formulate effective and innovative strategies, the implementation of which can bring organizational success, but it must be able to successfully engage its employees for the accomplishment of the same. It has been observed that Woolworths is unable to engage its employees in a systematic and organized manner. The organization undoubtedly keeps on introducing fresh, novel and highly innovative ideas, yet the organization is unable to communicate and thereby motivate the employees to implement the ideas (Mone and London 2014). Woolworths is not only required to reward its employees through training programs, but it must motivate them to engage themselves in the process of bringing back the lost organizational success. The organization lacks in providing feedback, setting up regular goals before the employees and communicating the importance of the same, as a result of which the employees are ending up having any meaningf ul goal that can motivate them to accomplish the task. As a result of lack of interactive sessions, the management authority has failed to define the goals and the strategies of the organization in an effective way (Menguc et al. 2013). Consequently, the employees are unable to comprehend the relevance of the projects and task allotted to them. It should be noted here that the management of an organization must be able to chalk out and clearly define the goals and objectives before the employees, so that each of the employees is capable of aligning the organizational strategy and mission, with their own personal gains and interests. The organization requires not only setting up goals, but should also offer lucrative benefits to the employees so as to motivate them to accomplish the tasks. The management authority of Woolworths focuses too much on the training and scholarship programs, depriving the employees of work-life balance, flexible schedules, or attractive incentive schemes t hat will help them retain the employees (Freedland et al. 2016). Research Questions: The research questions that the present research intends to examine are as follows: Is Woolworths defining the goals and objectives to the employees by organizing regular discussion meetings and interactive sessions? Does the authority of Woolworths arrange seminars and workshops that can motivate the employees to actively participate in the process of implementation of the strategies of the company? Is the organization introducing and implementing sufficient number of incentive programs in order to encourage the employees? Does the organization rely on a robust communication plan to get the feedback of the employees? Research Program: A research is required to be conducted as it helps in evaluating and critically analyzing the research problems in a systematic as well as organized manner. In order to understand whether Woolworths is unable to motivate and thereby engage its employees in an effective manner, the research has been conducted. As part of the research method, the qualitative method of data collection is being employed. The qualitative method of research has been employed, as it helps in gaining a comprehensive insight into the problem, as this methodological approach helps in comprehending an exploring the totality of the situation, which in turn helps in assessing the problem much conveniently (Soy et al. 2015). For this reason, literature review and interview are the two components of the research method that are being used. It is to be noted here that the journals and recently published articles helps in understanding and evaluating problem more accurately, thereby facilitating the reflexivity, as t he personal goals and assumed beliefs can be cross checked with the content of the reflexive journals and articles. Again, at the same time, the use of structured interviews is highly beneficial as it helps in investigating the response of the managers and the employees of Woolworths (Nuttin 2014). Data Collection: The data has been collected from secondary sources, such as academic journals and literary articles, as well as from primary sources, through the organization of structured interview sessions (Smith 2015). A variety of articles and scholarly papers were being assessed and evaluated to assess the importance of employee engagement for the growth of the organization. Literature review provides the opportunity of understanding the relation between employee engagement and organizational success, with reference to a variety of internationally recognized organizations, such as Google, Wesmayers, Microsoft, and many more. In addition to this, two sessions of structured interview was arranged (Silverman 2016). The first session of interview was organized with the purpose of learning the motivational strategies, and employee engagement plans adopted by the management authority of the organization, and hence the interviewees interviewed were the five managers of the organization, out of which 2 were the Human Resource managers, while the remaining 3 were the General Managers. On the other hand, in the second session of the interview, the employees were being asked about what kind of motivational strategy they wish to be adopted by Woolworths that can engage them, and increase their productivity and efficiency. For this reason, 20 employees were being selected and interviewed and their response was recorded for estimating the issues from an in-depth perspective. Data Analysis: According to Andrew Carnegie, for any organization to succeed and prosper, must aim at capturing the heart of the employee, before his brain. An organization can succeed only if the employees are willing to actively participate in and contribute to the process of organizational success. This is the reason, why large organizations such as Wesmayers, Google, Disney, Coles, and others, have introduced attractive benefits and quirky employee perks, to help the employees stay motivated (Lăzăroiu 2015). The organizations in order to sustain it in future, must adopt employee engagement methods that aids the organization in the attraction as well as retention of talented workforce. According to a research, great career advancement opportunity, swift promotions, and a clearly chalked out strategy, are the three areas that the employees look forward to, while working in an organization. Further, from the interview sessions, held on Woolworths managers, the human resource managers were recorded stating that the organization focuses and invests an enormous sum of money on training programs, and scholarship programs, such as the Jack Shewmaker Program, that offers career growth opportunities to the employees. However, the organization has not yet introduced other perks and amenities, such as health insurance schemes for the injured workers, gym discounts, health check-up facilities, on-site medical facilities or free food. The interview with the general managers showed that the organization does not hold regular meetings or interactive sessions, meant for helping the employees comprehend the relevance of their job roles, or providing them with the feedback, positive or negative, of the management authority of Woolworths. On the other hand, 15 employees working at Woolworths complained that despite the career development opportunities, they are unable to stay motivated owing to the lack of flexible working schedule and promotional opportunities provided by the organization (Azeem 2016). Further, 18 employees claimed that though the salary package offered at the beginning is sufficient for a fresher, with the passing of years, there is hardly any increment, despite the increasing workload. 10 employees reported that there is a huge bridge of communication among the employees and the management authority as a result of which the demands and expectations of each group is not clearly explained and comprehended by the other group (Porter et al. 2016). Recommendation: The employees are the real assets of an organization. Woolworths should not only focus on its financial capital, but must also emphasize the importance of its human capital as well. It has been understood from the research that the organization, at present is not focusing sufficiently on the health, well-being and convenience of the employees as a result of which the employees are either working in a directionless way, or are failing to retain their sense of loyalty towards the organization. Hence, the organization is required to hold various interactive sessions and regular meetings in order to daily interact with the employees, and gain an understanding of their demands and expectations from the organization (Choi and Witford 2013). One of the main benefits of regular staff meetings is that it provides time to the employees for reflection and training, and helps the organization explain the strategy and its goals before the employees, while urging them to achieve the same, by stati ng employee benefits as well. The managers of Woolworths are required to hold regular staff meetings at short periodical intervals, and will be required to maintain good communication with the employees. The HR mangers of Woolworths are required to hold campaigns, interactive sessions, workshops and seminars, that will help them in regularly interacting with the employees, reviewing and assessing the performance of the employees, and explaining the mission, vision and objectives of Woolworths. These seminars can also throw light on the skills and the professional expertise of the experienced workers, and how their innovative ideas brought about the success of the organization, the interchange of valuable ideas, introduction of appraisal and recognition systems, flexible working schedule can largely influence and motivate the employees, resulting in their active participation (Chaudhari and Sharma 2013). In addition, Woolworths is required to follow the KAB (Knowledge Attitude Behavior) Model, while interacting and dealing with the employees. The organization does nor regularly hold meetings, but it must start holding weekly meetings so that the employees can be made aware of the recent strategies and immediate goals of the organization, or nay kind of change in the strategy proposed, and the explanation behind the same. Once the employees have internalized the knowledge about the present mission of Woolworths, the management authority of the organization must motivate and encourage the employees to accomplish the goals within a given period. Regular interaction with the staffs, announcing rewards, recognition and titles, for the accomplishment of each tasks highly engage and motivate the employees. Once the employee attitude towards the task or a goal is changed, the management authority must review the implementation of the strategies and the contribution of each employee towards t he same. However, for this systematic approach, the managers must ensure the organization of periodical meetings whereby they will be able to gain adequate knowledge about the personal interests, goals, motivating factors of stressors of the employees (Mikkelsenet al. 2015). Woolworths must introduce flexible working schedule for its employees, and can provide work from home option to each individual employee. The organization, it has been observed, does not offer increment opportunity to the old employees, and hence fail to retain talented workforce. Hence, it is advisable that the organization offers standard salary at the start, and gradually starts increasing the salary package so that the employees so not lose motivation after working for a long time in Woolworths. Further, the organization is required to offer long-term benefits, such as sound retirement plan or health insurance, rather than the short term gains, will create a strong sense of loyalty among the employees (Rowley 2014). Conclusion: Motivating the employees is absolutely integral to the successful operation of any business organization. It should be noted that Woolworths has been one of the recognized organizations, that has been able to earn an enormous amount of revenue owing to the willing and active co-operation of the employees However, recently, owing to a huge employee turnover rate, and lack of enthusiasm among the existent workforce, Woolworths has been struggling to sustain its position. The management authority of Woolworths must ensure that the organization is able to align its strategies and immediate goals with the personal interests and benefits of the employees, so that the employees feel sufficiently motivated to lead the Woolworths towards organizational success. Reference List: Azeem, S., 2016. Drivers of Employee Motivation: Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction. Bal, P.M., Kooij, D.T. and De Jong, S.B., 2013. How do developmental and accommodative HRM enhance employee engagement and commitment? The role of psychological contract and SOC strategies.Journal of Management Studies,50(4), pp.545-572. Chaudhary, N. and Sharma, B., 2012. Impact of employee motivation on performance (productivity) in private organization.International Journal of Business Trends and Technology,2(4), pp.29-35. Choi, S. and Whitford, A.B., 2013. Merit-based pay and employee motivation in federal agencies.Issues in Governance Studies,63, pp.1-10. Freedland, M., Bogg, A., Cabrelli, D., Collins, H., Countouris, N., Davies, A.C.L., Deakin, S. and Prassl, J. eds., 2016.The Contract of Employment. Oxford University Press. Lăzăroiu, G., 2015. Employee Motivation and Job Performance.Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations, (14), pp.97-102. Menguc, B., Auh, S., Fisher, M. and Haddad, A., 2013. To be engaged or not to be engaged: The antecedents and consequences of service employee engagement.Journal of business research,66(11), pp.2163-2170. Mikkelsen, M.F., Jacobsen, C.B. and Andersen, L.B., 2015. Managing Employee Motivation: Exploring the Connections Between Managers Enforcement Actions, Employee Perceptions, and Employee Intrinsic Motivation.International Public Management Journal, pp.1-23. Mishra, K., Boynton, L. and Mishra, A., 2014. Driving Employee Engagement The Expanded Role of Internal Communications.International Journal of Business Communication,51(2), pp.183-202. Mone, E.M. and London, M., 2014.Employee engagement through effective performance management: A practical guide for managers. Routledge. Nuttin, J., 2014.Future time perspective and motivation: Theory and research method. Psychology Press. Porter, T.H., Riesenmy, K.D. and Fields, D., 2016. Work environment and employee motivation to lead: Moderating effects of personal characteristics.American Journal of Business,31(2), pp.66-84. Rowley, H., 2014.Employee Ownership: Evaluating the Factors Contributing to Successful Employee Engagement Silverman, D. ed., 2016.Qualitative research. Sage. Smith, J.A. ed., 2015.Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage. Soy, S., 2015. The case study as a research method.

Determination of Ksp of copper(II) Essay Example

Determination of Ksp of copper(II) Paper Introduction: Copper(II) iodate(V) ionizes weakly in water: Cu(IO3)2 + aq Cu2+(aq) + 2IO3-(aq) For a saturated solution of copper(II) iodate(V), concentration of IO3- ions doubles that of the Cu2+ (aq) ions, and Ksp of Cu(IO3)2(s) can be calculated by determining the concentration of Cu2+(aq) ion of a saturated Cu(IO3)2(aq). The e. m. f. of a galvanic cell consisting of a Zn(s)/Zn2+(aq) half-cell and another half-cell containing a copper strip in contact with a saturated solution of Cu(IO3)2(aq) is measured by a commercial DMM. Concentration of Cu2+(aq) is determined with reference to the EO values of the Zn(s)/Zn2+(aq) and the Cu(s)/Cu2+(aq) couples as well as the Nernst equation for a metal/metal ion half-cell: where n is the number of electrons transferred in the reduction process. ? Zn Zn2+ + 2e- Cu2+ + 2e- Cu ? n=2 For the Zn(s)/Zn2+(aq) half-cell, = -0. 76V For the Cu(s)/Cu2+(aq) half-cell, Ecell = ER EL = {(+0. 34) + 0. 0295 log [Cu2+(aq)]} {(-0. 76)} = (1. 10) + 0. 0295 log [Cu2+(aq)] When the voltage of the cell system is measured, the concentration of Cu2+ can be determined by the above equation. We will write a custom essay sample on Determination of Ksp of copper(II) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Determination of Ksp of copper(II) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Determination of Ksp of copper(II) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Therefore, the solubility product can be calculated by the above principle. Purposes: To determine the solubility product of copper(II) iodate(V) at room temperature and pressure by e. m. f. measurement. Apparatus and Reagents Used: Apparatus used: Well-plate; Plastic pipettes; Copper wire electrode; Zinc plate electrode; Digital multimeter (DMM); Connecting wires with crocodile clips; Filter paper strip, and Sand paper 1 Reagents used: 1M ZnSO4(aq); 0. 3M KIO3(aq); 0. 15M CuSO4(aq), and Saturated KNO3(aq) Chemical Reactions Involved: The equation of dissolution of copper(II) iodate(V): Cu(IO3)2(s) + aq Cu2+(aq) + 2IO3-(aq) The equation of redox reaction between Zn and Cu2+: Cu2+(aq) + Zn(s)Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s) Procedures: 1. 50 drops of 1M ZnSO4(aq) were placed into a well of the well-plate; 2. 25 drops of 0. 3M KIO3(aq) were placed into an empty well next to the well containing the 1M ZnSO4(aq), by using a clean Jumbo pipette; 3. The plastic pipette used in step(2) was cleaned. By using the same plastic pipette, 25 drops of 0. 15M CuSO4(aq) were added and stirred well with a micro-stirrer or toothpick. 5 minutes were waited to attain equilibrium; 4. The two wells were connected by a strip of filter paper moistened with saturated KNO3(aq); 5. A clean homemade copper wire electrode and a clean zinc plate electrode were placed into the well containing the pale blue suspension and the well containing the 1M ZnSO4(aq) respectively; 6. The prepared galvanic cell was connected to a DMM. The steady voltage developed was recorded. Observations: When the galvanic cell completed in step(5) was connected to the DMM, a steady voltage was developed. Data and results: Temperature of the aqueous solution = 26 E. m. f. of the cell formed by Zn(s)/Zn2+(aq, 1M) and Cu(s)/Cu(aq, saturated) = 0. 997V. Discussions: 1. The expression of the Ksp of copper(II) iodate(V) = [Cu2+(aq)]eqm [IO3-]2eqm 2. By the equation evaluated in the introduction, Ecell = (1. 10) + 0. 0295 log [Cu2+(aq)] = 0. 997V 0. 0295 log[Cu2+(aq)] = -0. 103 log[Cu2+(aq)] = -3. 492 ? [Cu2+(aq)]eqm = 3. 225 i 10-3 moldm-3 Concentration of Cu2+(aq) in the saturated pale blue suspension = 3. 225 Â  10-3 moldm-3 3. By the equation of dissolution of copper(II) iodate(V), Cu(IO3)2(s) + aq Cu2+(aq) + 2IO3-(aq) [Cu2+(aq)] : [IO3-(aq)] = 1 : 2 ?[IO3-(aq)]eqm = 2 i 3. 225 i 10-3 = 6. 450 Â  10-3 moldm-3 Concentration of IO3-(aq) in the saturated pale blue suspension = 6. 450 Â  10-3 moldm-3 4. The value for Ksp of Cu(IO3)2 = [Cu2+(aq)]eqm [IO3-]2eqm = (3. 225 10-3) Â  (6. 450 Â  10-3)2 = 1. 34 Â  10-10 mol3dm-9 5. From the data of the Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, the literature value of Ksp of Cu(IO3)2 is 6. 94 i 10-8 mol3dm-9 [1]. Obviously, the literature value was much larger than the experimental value. The discrepancy came from several reasons: 1 The experimental temperature was 26? , which was different from the expected room temperature 25?. As temperature is the main factor of Ksp, the discrepancy of Ksp was caused by the difference of temperature; 2 The low quality of copper and zinc electrode may affected the e. m. f. taken from the DMM, so the Ksp result was also affected; 3 The concentration of solutions prepared may be different with the expected value. The e. m. f. given out may not equal to the theoretical values, so the Ksp obtained may be different. Conclusion: By the e. m. f. method, the solubility product of copper(II) iodate(V) at room temperature and pressure was determined. Ksp for = 1. 34 i 10-10 mol3dm-9 Reference: [1] : Solubility Product Constants, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split http://www. ktf-split. hr/periodni/en/abc/kpt. html .

Compare and contrast the sources of competitive Essays

Compare and contrast the sources of competitive Essays Compare and contrast the sources of competitive Essay Compare and contrast the sources of competitive Essay Compare and contrast the beginnings of competitory advantage in the Aero-engine and the food market retail market. Introduction Competitive advantage was a phrase coined by Michael Porter, a direction and economic expert from Harvard, and is used in many facets of strategic and concern direction to try to place the qualities that make a given company moral force, alone and profitable. Competitive advantage is defined by online concern website Prometheas as follows: Competitive advantage is the designation of places and beginnings of advantage that lead to coveted market public presentation results. Beginnings of advantage are superior accomplishments and superior resources. Positional advantages are superior client value and lower relation costs. Performance results are satisfaction, trueness, market portion and profitableness. Technological knowhow can besides supply a competitory advantage and a barrier of entry to competition in some cases. So, in kernel what we are looking at is the accomplishments and resources ; and public presentation, positional and technological effects in certain industries. This wi ll hopefully cast some light upon what precisely needs to be identified in both the Aero-engine and the food market markets. In this essay, I will look in more item at each of these specific points. Skills and Resources Human resources are of exceptional quality when sing the profitableness of a company, although certain personable assets have more importance in some industries than they do in others. For case, the Aero-engine industry relies less upon set uping direct contact with people than the food market industry, which frequently uses selling techniques to the general populace with greater frequence. Naturally, this would reflect upon the accomplishments gathered by the people working for the company. Besides, because food markets are a perishable, it is indispensable that they are distributed rapidly and efficaciously by a adept work force. Although it is still pertinent that an Aero-engine portion has to be distributed, it is likely non indispensable that stairss have to be made to guarantee that the engine is distributed with exceptional velocity. The labour intensity of food market retail is comparatively high in comparing to other industries, as the distribution, skill and sale of fresh g reen goods could supply the difference between the companies’ success and failure to procure a competitory advantage over other rivals. While human resources don’t have to orient to a really specific sort of skilled worker, it still remains of import that accomplishments are managed and coordinated really specifically, as a really good work force is about ever a possible beginning of competitory advantage, particularly in the smaller, more quality-oriented food market ironss. The aero-engine industry, on the other manus, is more concerned about a really specific skill-set of the work force, which can depend upon the part of production and other of import factors such as these. While the retail of perishable goods is non finally reliant upon the location of the mercantile establishment ; so in the companies that have managed to set up a competitory advantage over the resistance in the market, frequently it is the instance that companies will open stores in a viral manne r across the province, state and even, in the instance of supermarkets that tailor to food markets in the minor sense, the universe. Aero-engines, because they operate with a really high skills-base, and most of the labor has been automated due to developments in engineering, besides tend to precipitate a theory known as cluster dynamics or economies of scale . Michael Best ( 2001 ) posits that Behind each [ post-war engineering ] lies an impressive accomplishment base in technology-related subjects and technology methodological analysiss, which facilitate industrial passages, engineering diffusion, and long-run growing. For illustration, turbine engineering, cardinal to the part s planetary leading in jet engine production, has a family tree that began with inventions in H2O turbine engineering to power fabric Millss located in Lowell, Massachusetts in the mid-1800s. Techno-diversification is a effect of a passage to a new, unfastened systems concern theoretical account, a theoreti cal account more appropriate to work the chances offered by systems integrating at the technological level ( 18 ) . Therefore, because the production of jet engines is really specific to a certain country of the state where the industry was originally pioneered and developed, the location of the production base is per se linked to forces in a clearly geographical manner. The accomplishments and resources that are available in HR is indispensable to both the Aero-engine and grocery retail markets in sourcing competitory advantage, but it is besides indispensable that the two industries utilise concern theoretical accounts that reflect their peculiar industries, and to the full work the potencies of their ain workers. Human Resource Management is cardinal to unknoting this development and, particularly in a market driven by new engineerings such as the Aero-engine market it is of premier concern that the company remains every bit advanced as possible at the lowest possible cost. Positional Advantages Positional advantages include offering greater value to clients and cut downing the cost at the concern degree. Both Aero-engine and retail food market have to guarantee that clients get the greatest value for money, but the attack is really different in both industries. In food market retail, there are many factors that can be incorporated to minimise outgo while guaranting that clients are offered value for money , although depending upon the specific scheme and market in this wide sector, this perceived value for money could intend many things. Robert H. Lowson ( 2002 ) remarks that competitory advantage is facilitated through implementing certain, extremely focused schemes that target specific consumers used to having certain degrees of value and quality. Paraphrasing Porter, he argues that three attacks to scheme can be used in order to derive competitory advantage, although, he stresses, these are non needfully reciprocally sole. These are variety-based positioning , needs-base d positioning and action-based positioning ( 49 ) . Variety-based placement is the incorporation of niche-based selling that markets a specific corner of a given industry. Lowson ( 2002 ) posits that this is based on bring forthing a subset of an industry’s merchandises or services utilizing a typical set ofactivities ( 49 ) . For case, a food market retail merchant may take to specialize in a peculiar type or subset of food market retail, in order to go the best and to offer the greatest value for money in that specific field. An illustration of this would be with retail merchants of high-quality nutrient that are sourced more carefully than its mass-market equivalent. For case, the company Unicorn Foods is an organic retail merchant that focuses upon ethical, easy sourced food markets. On the web site ( http: //www.unicorn-grocery.co.uk/fruit A ; veg.php ) , they comment that We focal point on regionally produced, seasonal fruit and veggies and we are ever careful which gr owers we buy from [ †¦ ] . While this is doubtless more expensive and less convenient than mass-market grocers, the specific variety-based positioning as a retail merchant of a certain specific niche of the food market market means that achieving and sourcing a competitory advantage over much larger retail merchants will be easier to accomplish in this specific subset, while staying mass-market and non-exclusive in its overall selling run will guarantee that the market will stay comparatively high. Needs-based positioning is concerned about functioning the demands of merely a specific group of people with certain demands. The aero-engine market is comparatively inelastic on this forepart due to the limited array of chances available to sell engines, and because of the comparative catholicity and tangibleness of what makes a good end-product. Though it is still possible to know apart on the degree of scale – for case, a company could take to specialize in the production o f small-scale engines, though the specificity of this market tends to do production more cosmopolitan. The market for food markets nevertheless, being much larger and more diverse, offers all sorts of ways to specialize and to beginning countries where competitory advantage can be gained. For case, a food market retail merchant that lone caters to Chinese veggies would contract the market significantly but besides make the constitution of a repute for high quality food markets in this peculiar field much easier to get. This is because the focal point is strictly upon supplying this limited scope to a specific client base. Finally, action-based positioning is concerned about sectioning between clients who are frequently available in different ways. Although once more this isn’t peculiarly relevant to the comparatively fixed market of the Aero-engine, it can be applied to food markets in the signifier of convenience shops that frequently charge a higher monetary value but have more convenient gap hours. Other developments in this field include the development of Internet and place bringing services, which allow for a greater market to be accessed. Performance Results A competitory advantage can be sustained supplying that the given client base is happy with the terminal merchandise. The importance of this factor is dependent in many ways upon the positioning of the given merchandise, but can be an effectual beginning of rival advantage. Examples of positive public presentation results include satisfaction, trueness, market portion and profitableness. The former is arguably the most of import measure toward deriving competitory advantage in about any market, but is particularly of import in the aero-engine market and even to some extent in specific niches of the food market market. Because the aero-engine market is specifically targeted towards a engineering that can be measured in touchable footings ( power, velocity, efficiency ) , the production of a merchandise that is of a higher quality than rivals is indispensable in set uping market portion and deriving competitory advantage. Although client satisfaction is ever of import, convenience base d retail merchants tend to endure less if criterions are somewhat lower. This, nevertheless, is offset by other factors such as longer gap hours and geographical convenience. Loyalty is a really of import issue in doing certain that clients return in both industries covered. Because the aero-engine market is really specific, and frequently caters to really big companies, the trueness of that company is frequently equivalent to the really endurance of the concern. Therefore, it has to be ensured that the merchandise itself is of the highest quality. Grocery retail can use other techniques much more efficaciously than the aero-engine market. Loyalty can be cultivated through the pseudo-differentiation techniques of stigmatization and selling. For case, coca-cola, which is basically a sugar-water solution, has cultivated tremendous popularity and competitory advantage chiefly through stigmatization. Fiona Czerniawska and Gavin Potter ( 1998 ) remark that The intent of a trade name as exemplified by, say, soft drinks is to bring forth trueness for a merchandise that is basically uniform, in this instance, flavoured sugar and water ( 29 ) . Similarly, particularly in retail food market, stigmatization can be highly utile in cultivating trueness to a specific concern, increasing profitableness, and can hence be a really utile beginning of competitory advantage. While both markets are less passing than, state, the athleticss manner market ( Nike, Adidas etc. ) or the soft-drinks market, client trueness cultivated through stigmatization still remains an of import peripheral factor to the constitution of a client base, and leads to the growing of market portion. When used in combination with techniques discussed before, branding can besides take to increased overall profitableness. Technological Knowhow The construction of a company is an of import factor in raising efficiency and profitableness and, when implemented good, provides a beginning of competitory advantage in both industries analysed. The food market retail market, depending upon whether the company is concerned with the mass market, or in emerging markets such as the production of organic or high-quality goods, depends upon puting up a concern construction that facilitates the demands of the company. If moralss are a cardinal issue of the company, it is of import that the concern construction echoes this sentiment by set uping itself in a non-hierarchical manner. Similarly, if the food market retailer’s precedence is the mass cargo of goods, so the morale of forces working in the retail merchant must be high plenty to ease efficiency, while at the same clip staying inexpensive plenty to guarantee greater degrees of growing within the concern. The aero-engine market depends to a big extent upon its work force and the accomplishments that they can offer throughout the company. Certain recent developments in direction that focus upon Just In Time and Total Quality Management techniques are centrally of import when trying to retain the highest standard forces that can lend efficaciously to the concern. In order to make this, the concern theoretical account has to integrate staff at all degrees and, to an extent, be every bit non-hierarchical as possible. In all technological markets that are dependent upon invention, it is of import that the thoughts of the skilled work force are utilised to the greatest extent and that Fordist, hierarchal systems of direction are avoided. Michael Best ( 2001 ) suggests that this technique should be known as feedback , because it allows for any portion of the concern hierarchy to interact with any other portion, hence leting for inefficiencies to be filtered out by the overall mechanism of the concern hierarchy. Using Canon as an illustration, Best stresses tha t technology direction [ †¦ ] is non a additive procedure get downing with generic engineering. The procedure begins with developmental research for intents of merchandise invention on technological classs near or at the top of the engineering pyramid. This research is conducted on or following to the shopfloor. Findingss at this degree provender into applied research in design centres or concern degree labs which, in bend, leads to alterations in nucleus engineering ; where applied research is non plenty, cardinal research in corporate research labs is conducted at the generic engineering degree. Contributions here lead to technological progress that can feed back into scientific knowledge ( 43 ) . Indeed, new technological companies are boundlessly concerned about engineerings, and these engineerings in many respects are centralised around the effectual use of antecedently untapped accomplishments and resources of the people working at all degrees in the company hierarchy. Th e changeless development of new engineering is cardinal to the Aero-engine industry, as new developments in engineering would instantly put the company in a place where a beginning of technological competitory advantage is frequent. This concern construction and attack to human resource direction ensures that new engineering and technological developments, when assisted by Research and Development, are a changeless beginning of new thoughts and systematically offer the potency of competitory advantage over challengers. Decision The beginnings of competitory advantage can be attributed to positional advantages, public presentation factors and technological techniques. These tend to run in synergism to give the more successful companies a lead in the market place that generates competitory advantage. Although food market retail and aero-engine design are radically different in their markets, production civilizations and services, they can still be said to trust on these basic rules in order to keep a net income. Grocery retail companies, because the end-product is less easy measured in distinct footings, tend to utilize many of the positional techniques outlined above to specialize toward certain parts of the market, or upon presenting a specific type of merchandise or to a specific client base. These specialization factors, while cut downing the figure of possible clients, besides allows for a greater focal point to be placed upon the clients thatmakeexist, and hence enables a little concern to vie in a mark et where big corporations dominate the mass-market retail concern. Specialisation, hence, is an highly of import beginning of competitory advantage in food market retail. Besides, other factors such as trueness and repute can be cultivated by consistent selling schemes and branding that guarantee a certain food market mercantile establishment is remembered. Because aero-engine industry is already a specific market, and can be measured in more touchable footings, there tends to be less focus upon branding and specialization. HRM is highly of import in the aero-engine market to guarantee that the concern remains at the cutting border of new engineerings. Techniques as Entire Quality Management and non-hierarchical direction constructions help to retain a extremely skilled and competitory work force, and besides aids in using the abilities of the work force to develop new engineerings with improve efficiency and unafraid competitory advantage and increase overall profitableness. Bibliography Best, Michael ( 2001 ) ,The New Competitive Advantage: The Renewal of American Industry,Oxford: Oxford University Press. Czerniawska, Fiona A ; Potter, Gavin ( 1998 ) ,Business in a Virtual Universe: Exploiting Information for Competitive Advantage,London: Macmillan. Incubators Glossary from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.promitheas.com/glossary.php [ accessed 13 Feb 2007 ] . Lowson, Robert H. ( 2002 ) ,Strategic Operations Management: The New Competitive Advantage,London: Routledge. Unicorn Grocery Website, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.unicorn-grocery.co.uk/fruit A ; veg.php [ accessed 13 Feb 2007 ] .

Chinas Hong Kong Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Chinas Hong Kong - Research Paper Example This protest has been continued till this point of time. Historically, the city of Hong Kong has enjoyed much social and economic freedom. However, this freedom is only limited to the non-political aspects and the political aspect has not been extended to the people of Hong Kong as the existing political administration is being controlled by Beijing which does not believe in democracy and democratic norms. And this has largely affected the social fabric of Hong Kong as this political divide has considerably created a rift in the society in which both supporters and dissenters to the political system exist. In the following parts of this paper, first protest background has been given in which historical perspective relating to political system has been provided. It is followed by the methodology section highlighting the research strategy for collecting the related data. Before the conclusion part, different aspects relating to Central have been discussed and elaborated as well. Â  Hong Kong is a strange city where major types of social and economic rights exist and are exercised by the citizens of this city. Its current political system is based on ‘executive-led’ system in which Beijing and China extend authoritative powers to the executive branch having authority to take administrative and political decisions besides exercising unquestioned political authority for implementing the administrative decisions without requiring approval from Hong Kong’s political structure and the judiciary (Gittings 93).

Impacts of Globalization on Indigenous Cultures Essay

Impacts of Globalization on Indigenous Cultures - Essay Example Due to globalization however,, this group of people also experience an enhanced ability to communicate globally and adjust their voice after many years of disenfranchisement (Cesarotti (.n.d) p. 3). Globalization, has been defined in many different ways. In its simplest term, globalization is the process of integration among different nations across the globe. The integration in this case takes the form of multinational corporations expanding their influence, trade agreements, communication, and internet, movement of individuals cross borders and the increasing power of multilateral organizations such as International Monetary Fund (IMF). These social, economic and political changes have been brought about by technological advancement, promotion of the neoliberal and the unexploited potential for corporations in foreign markets (Edelman and Haugerud 2005 p.16-22). These forces have had a lot of impacts on the indigenous cultures across the world. The objective of this paper is to exp lore the impacts that globalization has had on the indigenous cultures across the globe. Globalization has presented itself in different ways, affecting almost everyone on the planet. Its impacts on indigenous cultures more than often are viewed both positively and negatively. This is because growth of globalization has introduced new opportunities to people across the globe while at the same time impeding the indigenous people’s ability to retain their knowledge and cultural practices (Collier and Collier 2005 p.450-460). Globalization has indeed had far reaching effects on the world since it has made the world smaller both virtually and in reality. This has happened as a result of the several developments happening across the globe, especially with the introduction of computers and the internet. Physically, globalization has made traveling easier since it has brought with it modern means of transport and communication including cars, ships and the airplanes. This has helped bring indigenous people into closer contact with other people and parts of the world. Worth noting is that the contacts brought about by globalization have not just been for the benefit of the indigenous people around the world. Instead, indigenous cultures, more than often, have been replaced by superior western views of what the world is all about through increasing access to various modes of communication, such as, the Internet, digital media, television and satellite communication system and increased contact with individuals of diverse cultural backgrounds through trade and tourism. The impacts of exploitation of different parts of the globe not initially touched by the global forces and western cultures have indeed resulted in the exploitation of the indigenous people mainly for the benefit of the world entities (Collier and Collier 2005 p.450-460). The International Forum on Globalization (2006) notes that indigenous people are on the verge of crisis with regard to sustainab le development. It goes ahead to state that these communities are good examples of sustainable societies, which evolved in diverse ecosystem according to history. Currently the indigenous cultures are facing the challenge of survival, extinction and renewal due to the effects of globalization according to the International Forum on Globalization (2006). Globalization is seen to have impacted negatively on the indigenous cu

Effect of Ph and Glucose on Plant Growth

Effect of Ph and Glucose on Plant Growth Abstract: An experiment was designed and conducted to investigate the population growth of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae under various environment conditions such as temperature, pH levels and glucose concentration. The research questions were then arrived as: What is the effect of differing temperatures on Saccharomyces cerevisiae population growth? What is the effect of differing pH levels on Saccharomyces cerevisiae population growth? What is the effect of differing glucose concentrations on Saccharomyces cerevisiae population growth? The different temperatures were chosen based on kinetics and each temperature differing from the other by at least 10oC, so a notable change in the yeast population to be observed. Two of the temperatures chosen were below the optimum temperature and two above and one in the optimum temperature. Based on the optimum pH levels for the growth of the yeast, certain buffers with two pH values above and two below of the optimum pH and one in the optimum pH were prepared and stored. The glucose concentration that was used in cultures which tested for the effect of temperature and pH was chosen in such a way that would enable the yeast population to grow without limitation as far as glucose is concerned. One of the options for testing the effect of glucose over the yeast growth was the absence of glucose from the culture. The other options were to halve the optimum glucose concentration and the last was higher of the optimum value. When testing the different temperatures, the results showed that there was little growth in relative low and high temperatures and very high growth in the optimum temperature (the population almost quadrupled). In the different pH levels the yeast growth was little in low and high pH levels but was increased as pH was reaching the optimum pH. In the case of different glucose concentrations, the results showed that with no glucose in the culture was a small growth; in the glucose concentration of halve of the optimum value there was growth but again less than the optimum; in the glucose concentration above optimum there was very high growth as there was in the optimum value. Chapter 1: Introduction Research Questions: What is the effect of differing temperatures on Saccharomyces cerevisiae population growth? What is the effect of differing pH levels on Saccharomyces cerevisiae population growth? What is the effect of differing glucose concentrations on Saccharomyces cerevisiae population growth? The yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a single celled fungus that reproduces asexually by budding or division. It is one of the most well studied eukaryotic model organisms in both molecular and cell biology. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is maybe the most important and used fungus in the history of the world even from ancient times because of its use in the brewing of beer and in rising of dough in bread. That is the reason why is called brewers yeast and bakers yeast, due to the use of different strains of Saccharomyces for the alcoholic and sugar fermentation. S. cerevisiae is a very good type of yeast for biological studies owing to the rapid growth (doubling time 1.5-2 hours at 30  °C), the dispersed cells and the ease of replica planting. Moreover is a non-pathogenic organism, so can be handled fearlessly with only little precautions. Also large amounts of commercial bakers yeast are available with result being an easy and cheap source for biochemical studies. S. cerevisiae has round to ovoid cells between 3-8ÃŽÂ ¼m in diameter Respiration: In biology, respiration is defined as: the process by which the energy in food molecules is made available for an organism to do biological work (Kent, 2000; p.100). It is also called Cellular respiration. This process of cellular respiration happens in every living cell as it is the only way to obtain energy in a form that will be usable for the cell, so it can carry out the functions of movement, growth and reproduction (ibid). The food in yeasts must be obtained as they cannot produce it on their own. For yeasts, a very good source of energy is sugars. All strains of S. cerevisiae can metabolize glucose (a hexose sugar), maltose and trehalose. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): Adenosine Triphospate known also as ATP is the form of chemical energy that cells use to carry out biological activities. Without ATP an organism cant survive. During cell respiration the energy that is found in food molecules is transformed to ATP (Kent, 2000; p.100). Types of Respiration: There are two main types of respiration that take place within a cell: Anaerobic respiration (without oxygen) and Aerobic respiration (with oxygen). S. cerevisiae can metabolize sugars in both ways, but in this research the cultures of yeast were exposed to air hence to oxygen, so aerobic respiration was mainly the way that yeast cells grew and reproduced. Aerobic Respiration: Aerobic respiration is a complex process which involves different steps of reactions and its purpose is to metabolize food molecules. As these reactions take place and food is broken down, energy is released which is then used to synthesize ATP from ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate (Kent, 2000; p.101). These reactions are carried out by special enzymes. There are the three major metabolic stages in aerobic respiration: glycolysis (which is also part of anaerobic respiration), Krebs cycle, electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Krebs cycle: The central phase of the aerobic respiration and occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. It involves the production of acetylcoenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) (Kent, 2000; p.104). Electron Transport Chain: It involves the highest production of ATP during respiration, meaning the 90% of ATP is produced in this stage. This metabolic stage occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane (Greenwood. et al. 2007; p.127). Glycolysis: Cell respiration has to do with the production of ATP by the oxidation of sugars, fats or other substrates. In this research as substrate was used glucose. When glucose is the substrate, the first metabolic pathway of cell respiration is glycolysis, which is carried out by enzymes in the cytoplasm of the cell. A small amount of ATP is produced in this pathway by the oxidation of glucose. Glycolysis consists part of aerobic and anaerobic respiration because no oxygen is used (Allot, 2007; p.73). Enzymes: Thousands of chemical reactions are carried out within a cell. These reactions most of the times occur in a very slow rate. For that reason living organisms make biological catalysts which are called enzymes and speed up these reactions. Enzymes are globular proteins which act as catalysts of chemical reactions (Allot, 2007; p.18). An enzyme can increase to more than a billion of times the rate of a chemical reaction. Also cells can control which reaction occurs in their cytoplasm by making some enzymes and not others. Enzymes achieve to increase the rate of a reaction by decreasing the activation energy (the minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to occur) (Green. Et al. 2008; p.167)of the substrate or the substrates, when binding to the activation site (is the part of the enzymes surface into which the substrate is bound and undergoes reaction) (Greenwood. et al. 2007; p.114) Enzymes are sensitive molecules with very specific structure which enables them to carry out specific reactions. This structure including the active site can be damaged by various conditions and substrates. This damage is called denaturation and is usually permanent for an enzyme and if denaturation is occurred the enzyme can no longer carry out its function. As a result when enzymes are required to catalyze a reaction, is necessary that they have appropriate conditions. It should be remembered that different enzymes have different ideal conditions. The factors that affect the enzyme activity are: the temperature, the pH, the substrate concentration. In a specific point for each of the previous factors, enzymes work in the most effective way, known as optimum conditions. The effect of temperature, pH and substrate concentration upon the enzyme activity which affects the growth of S. cerevisiae yeast cells are studied in this research. Effect of Temperature: As the temperature is increased in an enzyme-catalysed reaction, the rate of reaction is increased up to maximum in a specific temperature. This is called optimum temperature. The optimum temperature of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is 30o- 32oC. In temperatures below of the optimum, when increasing the temperature there is an increase in the kinetic energy of the reactants and there are more frequent collisions between the active site and the substrates, so the activity of the enzymes is increased. The rate still rises as the temperature increases; till it reaches the highest rate where is the optimum temperature hence the highest enzyme activity. Above this temperature the rate starts to drop rapidly. This is due to the high energy that causes vibration inside the enzyme with result the bonds which maintain the structure of enzyme to break. This causes denaturation and the active site can no longer fit the substrate. Overall, at very low temperatures the enzyme activity hence the rate is low due to the low kinetic energy of the substrate but there is no denaturation, at the optimum temperature the rate is the highest and levels off because the increase in kinetic energy of substrate is cancelled out by the denaturation of the enzyme and at high temperatures enzymes are denaturated and the rate falls dramatically because denaturation exceeds the high kinetic energy of the substrates. These are summarized in the following graph. Effect of pH (hydrogen ion concentration): Most of the enzymes operate effectively in a small range of pH values. Between these pH values there is an optimum pH value in which the enzyme activity is the highest. The optimum pH of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is 5.5. Acids and alkalis cause denaturation of the structure of the enzyme by breaking mainly hydrogen and ionic bonds with result the substrate cant fit the active site. Furthermore the charges of the amino acids within the active site are affected by pH changes, so the enzyme is not able to form an enzyme-substrate complex. Above and below the optimum pH the enzymatic activity hence the rate is reduced considerably. Effect of Substrate concentration: In an enzyme-catalysed reaction the rate increases in direct proportion to the substrate concentration. The optimum glucose concentration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is 2%. At low substrate concentrations, the rate of enzymatic activity increases sharply as the substrate increases. This occurs due to the more frequent collisions between the substrate molecules and the unoccupied active sites. On the other hand, at high substrate concentrations the biggest part of the active sites have been occupied with result when increasing the substrate concentration there is little effect on the rate of enzymatic activity. Chapter 2: Methodology Objectives of the study: To determine how the different temperatures affect the growth of population of S. cerevisiae. To determine how the different pH values affect the population growth of S. cerevisiae. To determine how the different glucose concentrations affect the population growth of S. cerevisiae. Hypothesis: Hypothesis 1: The population of S. cerevisiae will grow the most at the optimum temperature, meaning between 28oC to 32oC, and also the population growth at temperatures below the optimum will be higher than the population growth at temperatures above the optimum. Hypothesis 2: In the optimum pH, meaning at low acidic conditions of pH 5.5 to pH 6, there will be the highest S. Cerevisiae yeast cell population growth. At pH levels above and below the optimum pH there will be less growth but this growth level will be relatively of the same degree for the values of pH above and below. Hypothesis 3: In the optimum glucose concentration, meaning about 2% glucose, will occur the highest yeast growth. In the glucose concentration below of the optimum there will be much lower growth, whereas in the absence of glucose there will be almost none yeast growth. Variables: When testing the effect of differing temperatures on S. cerevisiae population growth: Independent variable: Temperature (5o C, 15oC, 30oC, 50oC, 60oC). Dependent variable: Number of S. cerevisiae cells. Controlled variables: 7mL buffer of pH 6 in every test tube, glucose concentration 2mL (2% glucose solution) in every test tube and 1mL yeast (0.02% yeast solution) in every test tube. When testing the effect of differing pH levels: Independent variable: pH (3, 4, 6, 8). Dependent variable: Number of S. cerevisiae cells. Controlled variables: Temperature (30oC), glucose concentration 2mL (2% glucose solution) in every test tube, 7mL buffer in every test tube, 1mL yeast (0.02% yeast solution). When testing the effect of differing glucose concentrations on S. cerevisiae population growth: Independent variable: Glucose concentration (0mL, 1mL, 2mL, 3mL of 2% glucose solution each). Dependent variable: The number of S. cerevisiae cells. Controlled variables: Temperature (30oC), 9mL buffer of pH 6 at 0mL glucose, 8mL buffer of pH 6 at 1mL glucose, 7mL buffer of pH 5.5 at 2mL glucose, 6mL buffer of pH 6 at 3mL glucose, 1mL yeast (0.02% yeast solution) in every test tube. Materials/ Apparatus: Test tubes Burette Micropipettes Pipettes Pipette-fillers Graduated cylinder of 10mL, 250mL and 1000mL Volumetric Flasks of 250mL and 1000mL Funnels Spatula Weight boats Beakers Plastic wash bottles Plastic bottles Cover slip Haemocytometer Microscope Digital multi-log Balance Waterbath Magnetic stirrer Thermometer Ethanol 70% 0.1M Citric acid 0.2M Sodium hydrogen phosphate Distilled water Yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae Source of yeast: YIOTIS S.A, INDUSTRY OF NUTRITIONAL PRODUCTS, ATHENS, GREECE. Procedure: Day 1: The first step before the start of the aerobic fermentation of yeast was to prepare the buffers. For the preparation of buffers of different pH, citric acid (3-carboxy-3-hydroxypentanedioic acid) and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4) were used. Four plastic bottles, labeled each with one pH value (3, 4, 6, 8 respectively), were required. 100mL of each of the buffers were prepared. The stock solutions of citric acid and Na2HPO4 firstly prepared. For the preparation of stock solution of citric acid of concentration 0.1M and volume 1L, 19.2g of citric acid and 1L distilled water required. For the preparation of stock solution of Na2HPO4 of concentration 0.2M and volume 1L, 28.4g Na2HPO4 and 1L distilled water required. A balance and a weigh boat required for the measuring of masses. The solutions were added and stored in two volumetric flasks of 1L respectively, which measured the volume of distilled water. Citric acid and Na2HPO4 were added into the flasks with the aid of funnels. The volumes were measured and put into four different plastic bottles by using two burettes of 50mL. The validity of each pH value checked by using a digital multi-log. The next step was to prepare the glucose solution. For the preparation of glucose one volumetric flask of 500mL used to measure the volume of distilled water and to store the glucose solution. 10g of glucose were weighed by using a balance, a weigh boat and a spatula. Half of a 100mL beaker filled with distilled water was used to dissolve the 10g of glucose. A magnetic stirrer used for better dissolution. After glucose was complete dissolved, was added to the 500mL flask using a funnel. The rest of the flask was filled up to 500mL with distilled water. Then, the yeast solution prepared for the purpose of the experiments of that day. Every day a new yeast solution was prepared. For the yeast solution 0.10g of dry yeast were weighted from sachet with a spatula and placed on the weight boat. The yeast was added to a 1000mL volumetric flask filled with 500mL distilled water with the aid of a funnel in order to avoid staking of dry yeast in the cylindrical walls of the flask. Afterwards the solution was swirled by smooth shaking. After everything was ready the experiments for the studying of the effect of differing temperatures on S. cerevisiae growth initiated. Three water baths were prepared and each one adjusted in three different temperatures 30oC, 50oC and 60oC. Each temperature was tested by using a thermometer and a digital multi-log sensor. Two refrigerators were used for the low temperatures and adjusted at 5oC and 15oC. After all temperatures have been reached, the preparation of cultures started. Five test tubes labelled with one temperature each. The cultures were prepared with half an hour difference in order to test the stability of the temperature and to take a sample from each test tube and count the initial population. A pipette of 25mL used to introduce the glucose to the test tube. A 10mL graduated cylinder used to measure the volume of the buffer and then was introduced into the test tube also. Then with another 25mL pipette, 1mL yeast was taken and placed also into the test tube. The yeas t solution was shaken before taking the sample as yeast cells tend to sink to the bottom of the flask due to their weight. Afterwards by using a micropipette, a sample was taken from the culture inside the test tube and placed on haemocytometer and then to the microscope to count the initial population (the cells found in the borders of the chambers were counted). The haemocytometer is a specialised microscopical apparatus used to count cells and other organelles. A haemocytometer consists of two counting chambers. Each chamber consists of an arrangement of squares of different sizes which are used to count easily the cells. These squares of different size form different grid layouts. In the centre of each chamber it is found a grid of squares of 0.2mm 0.2mm 0.1mm dimensions. There is another grid of squares of dimensions 0.25mm 0.25mm 0.1mm, in each of the four corners around the central grid. The grids of squares of 0.25mm 0.25mm 0.1mm dimensions were used for the counting of the yeast cells. A cover slip is placed above the chambers, so the samples are spread equally due to capillary action on the counting area. The test tube was then placed for 24hours in the temperature corresponding to what was labeled. This procedure was the same for the rest four test tubes. In the end of the day the glucose solution 2% was placed in the refrigerator, the 1000mL flask with the yeast solution, the haemocytometer, the cover glass and all the other apparatus was cleaned with ethanol 70% and washed with distilled water and left to dry. The use of 70% ethanol for the cleaning of haemocytometer doesnt have any negative effect on the yeast cells that were place on it to be counted. This happened in the end of every day. Day 2: The next day each test tube was removed with half an hour difference in the order that they were left for fermentation. Then a sample was taken with the use of a micropipette and placed on haemocytometer and again to microscope to count the yeast cells. After finishing with temperature testing the next thing was to study the effect of pH levels on S. cerevisiae population growth. A yeast solution was prepared the same way as Day 1. The glucose solution was removed from the refrigerator. Clean test tubes taken and labeled with different pH values 3, 4, 6, 8. A water bath adjusted at 30oC. Again, every culture was prepared the same way as Day 1 and placed in a test tube with half an hour difference. All test tubes with different pH levels were placed in the same water bath for 24hours. Before each test tube was placed in water bath, a sample was taken to count the initial population of each. Day 3: The cultures were removed in the order that were left to ferment and samples were taken to count the yeast population from each one. Between each measurement the haemocytometer was cleaned as was mentioned in Day 1. Finally, the effect of glucose concentration on yeast population growth was left. New yeast solution was prepared. The water was adjusted at 30oC. In clean test tubes the new cultures were prepared to test the glucose concentrations. The test tubes were labelled each with one concentration value. Samples were taken from each to count the initial population. The cultures were placed in water bath to ferment. Day 4: The cultures were removed from water bath and samples taken to count the yeast population. Weaknesses and Improvements: Weakness Improvement In the populations of yeasts cells that were counted in the microscope, there were both alive and dead cells  or denaturated cells. A dye such as methylene blue could be used to determine in each counting the live and the dead or inactive cells. The cells which would remain colorless would indicate enzyme activity and the dead or denaturated cells would be turned into blue. Methylene blue should be used only after the fermentation has finished because it inhibits the yeast cells by consuming the hydrogen ions that are produced during respiration. The test tubes, where the yeast cultures were left for fermentation, were slightly closed on the top with cotton in order to prevent the entrance of other microorganisms. This cotton plug prevented the easy flow of fresh air (containing oxygen) inside the test tube. This limited the availability of oxygen supply that the yeasts required in order to grow aerobically. The test tubes can be placed to ferment aerobically in a closed container such as BioFlo 3000. This kind of bio processing systems provide a wide range of options that enables the researcher to adjust a standard air flow which includes different options of certain proportions oxygen ggand air which can respond to oxygen-demanding yeasts or any other microorganism. There was absence of some basic element sources in every yeast culture that are necessary for better fermentation conditions such nitrogen and phosphorus sources. Lack of such sources lead to relatively low cell growth comparing to the growth that could be achieved without the absence of such elements. Bacto-peptone can be used as an organic nitrogen source. Yeast extract makes available many bio nutrients required for the fermentation of yeast cells. It also provides essential water soluble vitamins, amino acids, peptides and carbohydrates. Chapter 3: Data Collection and Processing Calculation of cell concentration In order to calculate the cell concentration for each factor, the comperative mean values, which are displayed above, were used. These mean values were applied to the following formula which enables to convert counted cells into cell concentration: In the above formula, C is the viable cells/mL, N is the counted cells, D is the dilution factor and 103 is the haemocytometer correction factor. An example with the application of the formula of cell concentration for the factor of temperature at 5oC and after 24 hours of fermentation is shown below: In the case of 24 hours of fermentation at temperature at 5oC, the viable counted cells, N=34.25, the dilution factor, D=1. In all experiments, when testing the different factors, the dilution factor is always one (D=1). Representation of calculated data of cell concentrations Tables of cell conentration (cells/mL) for the differing temperature values: Table with the initial population: Temperatures()  ±0.5 Cells/mL (Chamber 1, Chamber 2) (counted cells) Standard Deviation Table with the 24 hours fermented population: Temperatures()  ±0.5 Cells/mL (Chamber 1, Chamber 2) (counted cells) Standard Deviation Tables of cell conentration (cells/mL) for the differing pH levels: Table with the initial population: pH Cells/mL (Chamber 1, Chamber 2) (counted cells) Standard Deviation Table with the 24 hours fermented population: pH Cells/mL (Chamber 1, Chamber 2) (counted cells) Standard Deviation Tables of cell conentration (cells/mL) for the differing glucose concentrations: Table with the initial population: Glucose 2% concentrations (mL) Cells/mL (Chamber 1, Chamber 2) (counted cells) Standard Deviation Table with the 24 hours fermented population: Glucose 2% concentrations (mL) Cells/mL (Chamber 1, Chamber 2) (counted cells) Standard Deviation Chapter 4: Analysis and Interpretation 4.1 Graphs The data that is used for the sketching of the graphs is shown in chapter 3, in Data Processing, Representation of calculated data of cell concentrations. The respective table values were used for each of the factors. The software that was used for the sketching of the graphs is, Graph 4.3 (Ivan Johansen, 2007). effect of Temperature on S. cerevisiae population growth The effect of pH on S. cerevisiae population growth The effect of substrate Glucose concentration on S. cerevisiae population growth 4.2 Interpretation Testing Hypothesis 1: Comparing the different temperatures that the S. cerevisiae population left to grow, it can be seen based on both the cell concentration and the graph, that below 30oC the of the population grows rapidly as the temperature increases; the yeast population almost doubles when temperature increases from 5oC to 15oC and almost triples when temperature increases from 15oC to 30oC . Above 30oC the growth of the population is highly decreased; yeast population becomes almost 3.5 times less when temperature increases from 30oC to 50oC and when temperature increases from 50oC to 60oC the population decreases very slightly. As a result, the highest S. cerevisiae population growth is observed at 30oC. Consequently this should be the optimum temperature. Moreover, as temperature below the optimum point increases the population increases more from its initial value than it does at temperatures above the optimum point. Overall the hypothesis confirmed. Testing Hypothesis 2: Evaluating the yeast population growth at the different pH levels, it can be seen that the increase of population above and below the value of pH 6 is almost the same. The fact that at pH 6 it is observed the highest population growth implies that this is the optimum pH level. The lowest growth is observed at pH 3 and pH 8. In these specific pH levels the growth is slightly higher at pH 8 (population increases approximately 1.7 times) than it is at pH 3 (population increases approximately 1.3 times). The growth is higher in pH 8 as it is closer to the optimum pH. At pH 4 the increase in population is almost the same as it is at pH 8. Both pH 4 and pH 8 differ by 2 pH levels from the optimum level but the yeast population at pH 4 increases approximately 1.982 times where at pH 8 the population increases 1.7 times. This shows that S. cerevisiae operates better at acidic conditions. Overall the hypothesis is confirmed. Testing Hypothesis 3: Analysing the growth of S. cerevisiae at different glucose concentrations and for 24 hours of fermentation, the results obtained show that in the absence of glucose from the culture the yeast population didnt increase at all. The only increase that was observed from its initial population was 1.091.1 times, meaning that this 0.1 increase may have occurred due to the capacity of energy within the yeast cells. At 1% glucose concentration it was observed sufficient growth. The yeast population almost doubled from its initial value (increased approximately by 1.8 times). In higher glucose concentration the yeast cells population respond greater and as a result a higher population growth was observed. The initial population increased 3.9 times, meaning that almost quadrupled. In even higher glucose concentrations the population increased highly again but not enough so to be able to say that at 24 hours of fermentation S. cerevisiae requires more energy to reach the maximum replication cap acity. The population increased 3.954.00 times, almost the same of that of 2% concentration. Moreover, based on the graph plotted for glucose concentrations, it can be seen that after 2% glucose concentration the yeast population reaches plateau without any further increase. So the limiting growth glucose concentration is at 2%. Overall the hypothesis is confirmed.